GLP-1 Medications List: Benefits, Uses & Side Effects

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a category of medications primarily used for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. These drugs work by mimicking the action of the natural GLP-1 hormone, which helps control blood sugar levels and reduce food intake.

In addition to their role in blood sugar control, GLP-1 medications have gained popularity for their ability to promote weight loss and improve cardiovascular health. Read on for a GLP-1 medications list, along with their benefits, uses, and side effects.

Key Takeaways

• GLP-1 receptor agonists help lower blood sugar and aid in weight loss by reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying.
• These medications are FDA-approved for diabetes mellitus treatment and, in some cases, for obesity management.
• Common side effects include mild nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and, in rare cases, serious conditions such as kidney injury or medullary thyroid cancer.

What Are GLP-1 Medications?

GLP-1 receptor agonists are injectable treatments that imitate the glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone, encouraging insulin release and lowering blood glucose levels.

These drugs are part of the broader diabetes medicines category and have shown potential benefits beyond blood sugar control, including heart disease risk reduction and weight loss for compatible patients.

How Do GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Work?

GLP-1 receptor agonists work by binding to GLP-1 receptors, stimulating insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying.

This combination helps control blood sugar and reduces food intake, leading to weight loss results in some patients.

GLP-1 Medications Overview

Medication	Primary Use	Dosing Frequency	Key Benefits
Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus)	Diabetes (Ozempic, Rybelsus), Obesity (Wegovy)	Weekly (Ozempic, Wegovy), Daily (Rybelsus – oral)	Lowers blood sugar, promotes significant weight loss
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)	Diabetes	Weekly	Improves glycemic control, reduces cardiovascular risks
Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda)	Diabetes (Victoza), Obesity (Saxenda)	Daily	Effective for both diabetes management and weight loss
Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon BCise)	Diabetes	Twice-daily (Byetta), Weekly (Bydureon BCise)	Helps regulate blood sugar and supports weight loss
Tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro)	Diabetes (Mounjaro), Obesity (Zepbound)	Weekly	Dual-agonist mechanism enhances insulin secretion and appetite suppression

GLP-1 Medications List

GLP-1 receptor agonists come in various formulations, including daily or weekly injections and, in some cases, oral tablets. GLP-1 agonists for weight loss are also available.

Below is a detailed breakdown of the most commonly used GLP-1 medications, including their approved uses, dosing schedules, and key benefits.

1. Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus)

Semaglutide is a widely used GLP-1 receptor agonist available in multiple formulations.

• Ozempic is an FDA-approved injectable medication designed to treat diabetes mellitus. It helps lower blood sugar by enhancing insulin secretion and reducing glucose production in the liver.
• Wegovy is specifically indicated for weight loss and is one of the most effective obesity medications in clinical trials, potentially leading to significant weight loss results for certain individuals. For a more detailed explanation, see our article on GLP-1 Drugs for Weight Loss.
• Rybelsus is the only oral semaglutide currently available, providing an alternative to injectable medications for those who prefer pills.

2. Dulaglutide (Trulicity)

Dulaglutide is a once-weekly extended-release GLP-1 receptor agonist primarily used for diabetes care.

• Trulicity is FDA-approved for improving glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• It is administered through prefilled pens, making it convenient for individuals who prefer fewer injections.
• Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events in at-risk populations.

3. Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda)

Liraglutide is another GLP-1 receptor agonist available in daily injectable forms.

• Victoza is FDA-approved for diabetes care and is known to improve blood sugar control significantly.
• Saxenda is approved for obesity management, helping people lose weight by reducing food intake and prolonging gastric emptying.
• High-dose liraglutide has been shown to result in average weight loss ranging between 5-10% in clinical studies.

4. Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon BCise)

Exenatide is available in two distinct formulations, offering flexibility in dosing frequency.

• Byetta is a twice-daily injection used for diabetes care, primarily improving blood sugar control.
• Bydureon BCise is an extended-release formulation administered once weekly, which may be preferable for individuals who want fewer injections.
• Both versions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels and promoting weight loss.

5. Tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro)

Tirzepatide is unique among GLP-1 receptor agonists because it also activates the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor.

• Mounjaro is FDA-approved for diabetes mellitus, offering significant glycemic treatment and blood sugar control compared to other GLP-1 receptor agonists.
• Zepbound is approved for weight loss, showing promising results in clinical trials with average weight loss of over 15% of body weight.
• This dual-agonist mechanism enhances its effects on insulin secretion, appetite suppression, and cardiovascular benefits.

Benefits of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

GLP-1 receptor agonists offer a wide range of benefits beyond simply managing blood sugar levels.

These medications help improve metabolic health, aid in weight loss, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications.

Here’s a detailed look at their primary advantages:

1. Blood Sugar Control

One of the primary benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists is their ability to lower blood sugar.

They do this by:

• Stimulating insulin release in response to food intake.
• Suppressing glucose production in the liver to prevent spikes in blood sugar levels.
• Slowing gastric emptying, which helps moderate post-meal blood sugar rises.

2. Weight Loss

Many individuals using GLP-1 medications experience significant weight loss due to their effects on appetite regulation and metabolism.

These drugs contribute to weight reduction by:

• Decreasing food intake through increased satiety.
• Slowing digestion, which makes individuals feel full for longer periods.
• Leading to average weight loss ranging from 5% to 15% of total body weight in clinical trials.
• Supporting diet and lifestyle modifications for sustained weight loss.

3. Cardiovascular Benefits

GLP-1 receptor agonists are recognized for their protective effects against heart disease and other cardiovascular risks, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Benefits include:

• Lowering the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.
• Reducing blood pressure and improving lipid profiles.
• Helping manage risk factors associated with heart failure and atherosclerosis.
• Improving overall disease control in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Common Side Effects

GLP-1 receptor agonists are typically well tolerated, though some individuals may experience side effects.

Most side effects are mild and diminish over time, but in rare cases, they can lead to more serious health concerns.

Here’s a closer look at some of the most common side effects:

1. Gastrointestinal Issues

• Mild nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are the most commonly reported side effects, especially when starting treatment.
• These symptoms often improve within a few weeks as the body adjusts to the medication.
• Eating smaller meals and avoiding fatty or greasy foods can help minimize discomfort.

2. Kidney Disease & Injury

• Rare cases of kidney injury have been reported, particularly in individuals with preexisting kidney disease.
• Dehydration from persistent vomiting or diarrhea can exacerbate kidney problems.
• Staying hydrated and monitoring kidney function through regular checkups can reduce risks.

3. Thyroid Concerns

• Some studies have suggested a potential link between GLP-1 medications and medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia.
• Individuals with a personal or family history of these conditions should discuss risks with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

4. Hypoglycemia

• While GLP-1 receptor agonists stimulate insulin secretion, they generally have a low risk of causing low blood sugar unless combined with other diabetes medicines such as insulin or sulfonylureas.
• Symptoms of hypoglycemia include dizziness, sweating, confusion, and shakiness.
• Proper dose adjustments and regular monitoring can help prevent hypoglycemia.

Who Should Use GLP-1 Medications?

GLP-1 receptor agonists are recommended for individuals who require additional support in managing their metabolic health.

These medications can be particularly beneficial for those struggling with weight management, cardiovascular conditions, and diabetes-related complications.

Below are the primary groups of individuals who may benefit from GLP-1 medications:

1. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Needing Improved Glycemic Control

• Individuals with poorly controlled blood sugar levels despite lifestyle changes and other diabetes medicines.
• Patients requiring glycemic treatment to prevent diabetes-related complications such as kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision problems.
• People who need a medication with a low risk of hypoglycemia, especially those prone to blood sugar fluctuations.

2. Obesity or Overweight Individuals Requiring Assistance in Losing Weight

• Individuals with a BMI of 30 or higher (obesity) or a BMI of 27 or higher with at least one obesity-related health condition.
• Those struggling with appetite control, as GLP-1 receptor agonists help reduce food intake and prolong satiety.
• People who have had limited success with diet and exercise alone and need additional pharmacological support for weight loss results.

3. Heart Disease or High Cardiovascular Risk

• Individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack, stroke, or heart failure.
• Patients with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or a family history of cardiovascular conditions.
• Those at increased risk of cardiovascular events who require additional protection beyond traditional heart disease medications.

Who Should Avoid GLP-1 Medications?

While GLP-1 receptor agonists provide significant benefits, they are not suitable for everyone.

Certain health conditions and risk factors may make these medications unsuitable or require additional medical supervision before use.

Below are the key groups of individuals who should avoid GLP-1 medications:

1. People with a History of Medullary Thyroid Cancer or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

• Individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) should not use GLP-1 receptor agonists due to a potential increased risk of tumor growth.
• Patients diagnosed with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2) should avoid these medications as they may stimulate thyroid cell proliferation.
• Regular thyroid function monitoring is advised for those with a genetic predisposition to thyroid disorders.

2. Individuals with Severe Kidney Disease or Kidney Injury

• Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or those with a history of acute kidney injury may experience worsened kidney function while on GLP-1 medications.
• Dehydration from nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea can lead to further kidney complications.
• Those with reduced renal function should consult healthcare professionals for alternative diabetes medicines that pose less risk to kidney health.

3. Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders Leading to Delayed Gastric Emptying

• Individuals with gastroparesis or severe digestive disorders may find their symptoms worsen with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
• These medications slow gastric emptying, which can cause bloating, discomfort, and prolonged digestion in patients with preexisting gastrointestinal conditions.
• People experiencing persistent severe nausea or vomiting while on GLP-1 therapy should seek medical guidance to determine if discontinuation is necessary.

FDA Approval and Insurance Coverage

Most GLP-1 receptor agonists have received FDA approval for diabetes mellitus, and some, like Wegovy and Zepbound, are approved for weight loss.

However, insurance coverage varies depending on the indication.

Dosing and Administration

Dosing Frequency

• Daily injections: Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda), Exenatide (Byetta).
• Weekly injections: Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), Exenatide extended-release (Bydureon BCise).
• Oral tablet: Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus).

Prefilled Pens

Most GLP-1 medications come in prefilled pens for ease of administration.

Potential Risks and Considerations

While GLP-1 receptor agonists provide significant benefits, they are not without risks.

Individuals considering these medications should be aware of the following factors:

Drug Class Interactions

• GLP-1 receptor agonists should be carefully used with other medications that affect blood sugar levels.
• Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists with insulin or sulfonylureas may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), requiring careful dose adjustments.
• Certain oral medications may have altered absorption due to the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on gastric emptying.
• Patients taking diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or other medications for heart disease should discuss potential interactions with their healthcare provider.

Health Conditions Impact

• Patients with pre-existing heart failure or kidney disease should consult healthcare professionals before starting GLP-1 treatment.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients may experience worsened kidney function due to potential dehydration caused by gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
• Individuals with gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroparesis, should be cautious as these medications slow gastric emptying and may worsen symptoms.
• People with a history of pancreatitis should avoid GLP-1 receptor agonists, as these drugs have been associated with rare cases of pancreatitis in clinical reports.

Clinical Trials Data

• The New England Journal of Medicine has published multiple studies highlighting the effectiveness of GLP-1 medications.
• Research demonstrates that GLP-1 receptor agonists lower blood sugar, aid in weight loss, and reduce cardiovascular risks in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
• Long-term studies indicate that GLP-1 drugs may lower the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.
• Ongoing trials continue to investigate additional potential benefits, such as their role in chronic kidney disease management and neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease.
• Despite their effectiveness, some trials indicate a possible increased risk of thyroid tumors, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition to medullary thyroid cancer.

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions

As GLP-1 receptor agonists gain popularity for their effectiveness in blood sugar control and weight loss, many individuals have questions about these medications.

Below are some of the most commonly asked questions and their answers.

1. What are GLP-1 drugs?

GLP-1 drugs, also known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, are a class of medications used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and assist with weight loss.

They mimic the natural glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone, which helps regulate blood sugar, promote insulin secretion, and reduce food intake.

These medications also provide cardiovascular benefits, making them a valuable option for individuals at risk of heart disease.

2. Which GLP-1 are approved for weight loss?

Currently, the FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss include Wegovy (semaglutide) and Saxenda (liraglutide). In addition, Zepbound (tirzepatide), a dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, has also been approved for obesity management. See our guide on Zepbound vs Wegovy side effects for a comparison between these two drugs.

These medications are prescribed for individuals with a BMI of 30 or higher or those with a BMI of 27 or higher with weight-related conditions such as hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

3. What is the most effective GLP-1 drug?

Among GLP-1 receptor agonists, semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic) and tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro) have shown the most significant weight loss results in clinical trials.

Tirzepatide, a dual-agonist medication, has demonstrated considerable blood sugar control and average weight loss exceeding 15% of body weight.

However, the effectiveness of these medications varies depending on individual metabolic responses, dosage, and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.

4. Is GLP-1 the same as Ozempic?

No, GLP-1 is a hormone, while Ozempic is a specific GLP-1 receptor agonist that mimics this hormone’s effects. Ozempic (semaglutide) is an FDA-approved injectable medication for treating type 2 diabetes.

Although Ozempic is not explicitly approved for weight loss, it has been widely used off-label for obesity management due to its significant impact on appetite regulation and body weight reduction.

5. What drugs are GLP-1 receptor agonists?

Several medications belong to the GLP-1 receptor agonist class, including:

• Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus)
• Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda)
• Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
• Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon BCise)
• Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound – dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist)

These medications vary in dosing frequency and indications, with some specifically approved for diabetes care and others for obesity treatment.

6. What are the best GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss?

The best GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss are those approved for obesity management, including Wegovy (semaglutide), Saxenda (liraglutide), and Zepbound (tirzepatide).

Among these, tirzepatide and high-dose semaglutide have demonstrated the most effective weight loss results in clinical trials.

Factors such as individual response, tolerability, and physician recommendations influence the best choice for each patient.

7. Is metformin a GLP-1 antagonist?

Metformin is not a GLP-1 antagonist. Instead, it is a biguanide medication used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity.

While metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are both used for diabetes care, they work through different mechanisms. In some cases, they may be prescribed together to enhance glycemic control and weight loss benefits.

Conclusion

GLP-1 receptor agonists are a transformative medication class offering blood sugar control, weight loss benefits, and cardiovascular protection. With FDA-approved indications for diabetes mellitus and obesity, these drugs provide significant health advantages.

However, patients should consult healthcare professionals to determine the best treatment plan based on individual needs.

For those considering GLP-1 medications, it is vital to integrate diet, medicine effectiveness, and lifestyle modifications to achieve optimal weight management and disease control.